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Raw water Engineering.

 Technically we understand that Raw Water Engineering is the science that where River water is transported from river to household, in city areas or municipality areas. But now a days this Raw Water is transported across all villages and mid-light areas. By irrigation purpose also or by pipe system also. 

For treatment of raw water it consists of Flocculation tank, Aeration Tank, Sedimentation, Coagulation and many other source of treatment. This water treatment plant consists of very large number of sedimentations, so it is necessary to carry out all the disinfectant particles through aeration process. 

Raw Water Engineering includes the following aspects:- 
Water Demand
Finding of Source
Water Treatment Plant
Quality of Water
Surface Reservoir
Distribution System
Pipes to carry water to Cities or Household activists.

Water Demand:- Raw Water is a water which undergoes natural treatment rather than artificial treatment. Total demand of water in any community depends of the following factors Industrial Water Demand, Institutional Water Demand, Water for Public use, Fire Demand etc.

Finding of Source:- Two sources of water can be found out and they are Surface Source and Sub-Surface Source.
Surface sources of water are such as Rivers, ponds, streams, Lakes, reservoirs etc. Mainly water is collected from river sources.
Whereas Sub-Surface sources are springs, wells, tube-wells etc. But underground water is mainly used such as tube-wells. Most of the water sources get water supplies from precipitation which may fall like rain, hail, snow etc. 

Water Treatment Plant

Water Treatment Plant:- Most commonly as I know water treatment plant is used to improve the quality of drinking water which is supplied to household properties. It includes many chemical, physical and biological processes which are used to check the quality of water. Physical treatment includes screening, aeration, flocculation, filtration, disinfection and softening process. Chemical Treatment includes chlorination, pH value 

Quality of water:-  The impurities in water are to be removed to a certain extent only so that it does not prove harmful to the public health. In here "wholesome water" is used to describe the purification of water. This wholesome water is not chemically pure but it does not contain anything which are harmful for human body, i.e., the water which contains no pathogenic bacteria, no toxic substances and no excessive organic matter. Thus the wholesomeness of water is must but the palatability of water is desirable. 
The term pure water is a relative term and it has to be interpreted in relation to the use of water. 

Surface Reservoir:- These are also known as ground or elevated reservoirs. These are constructed on the ground and are mainly used to to store water. These service is generally provided to the distribution system to store the clear treated water before it is dispatched to the consumers. 
It is usual practice to construct a surface reservoir in two compartments so that one can be used while the other is being cleaned or repaired. The two compartments are connected by each other by control valves or shut off valves or sluice valves. 
The section of Surface Reservoir made by me in AutoCAD.


Distribution System:-  Distribution of water is done by three methods and they are Gravity system, Pumping system and both gravity and pumping system combined. 
 

Gravity system of water is conveyed through pipes by gravity only. But it is useful only when the gravity source of water supply is situated at the higher level than that of distribution area. 
Pumping system of water is directly pumped into the main leadings to the consumers. The number of pumps required in this system will depend on the demand of water. 
At last Gravity and Pumping system of water is pumped and stored at elevated distribution reservoir. The excess water during low consumption remains in the elevated reservoir and it is supplied during the peak period.  


Pipes to carry water to cities or household activists:- Normally pipes are distributed through various branches of connection which vary in diameter according to use and distribution. The cost of pipeline depends upon the internal pressure to bear and the length of pipeline. Mostly these types of pipes are used:- Cement concrete pipes, Copper pipes, Galvanized iron pipes, Lead pipes, Steel pipes, cast iron pipes etc. All these types of pipes are used. To know more about pipes visit here. 

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Location: Duliajan, Assam, India

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