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TURBINES AND PUMPS

 TURBINES

A turbine is a device that harnesses the kinetic energy of the fluid, such as water, steam, air and combustion of gases. It turns in to the rotational motion of the device itself. This devices are generally used in engine, electrical generations and propulsions of jet systems. Basically there are two types of turbines :- a) Impulse Turbine    b) Reaction Turbine

IMPULSE TURBINE

An Impulse Turbine, as the name indicates, is a turbine which runs by the impulse of  water. In an impulse the water from the dam is made to flow through a pipeline, and then through guide mechanism and finally through the nozzle. In such a process, the entire energy of water is converted into kinetic energy, by passing it through the nozzles; which are kept close through the runners. The water enters the running wheel in the form of a jet, which impinges on the buckets, fixed to the outer periphery of the wheel. 

The jet of water impinges on the buckets with a high velocity, and after flowing over the vanes, leaves with a low velocity; thus imparting energy to the runner. The pressure of water boyh at entering and leaving the vanes, is atmospheric. The common example of impulse turbine is pelton wheel, windmill etc.

REACTION TURBINE

In Reaction Turbine, the water enters the wheel under pressure and flows over the vanes. As the wheels flowing over the vanes, is under pressure, therefore wheel of turbine runs full and maybe be submerged below the tail race and may discharge into the atmosphere. The pressure head of water while flowing over the vanes is converted in to velocity head and is finally reduced to the atmospheric pressure, before leaving the wheel.

The main components of reaction turbine are:- a) Spiral Casing, b) Guide Mechanism, c) Turbine Runner and d) Draft Tube. 

PERFORMANCE OF TURBINE:-

  • Keeping the discharge in constant, the head of water and output may vary. In such cases the speed should be adjusted, so that there is no appreciable change in efficiency.
  • Keeping the head of water and speed constant, the output may vary. In such cases, the discharge of turbine should be adjusted.
  • In turbines working under low heads, the head of water and speed may vary. Although the speed of water is allowed to fluctuate within narrow permissible limits, yet the head may vary upto 50%.
  • Keeping the head of water and discharge constant, the speed may vary by adjusting the load of turbine.

PUMPS

We all know that pump is device that is used to lift water. Basically there are two types of pumps. They are:-  a) Centrifugal Pumps  b) Reciprocating Pump

CENTRIFUGAL PUMP



The pump which raises water from higher level to lower level by action of centrifugal force is called centrifugal pump. It is reverse than that of reaction turbine. In reaction turbine, the water at high pressure, is allowed to enter the casing which gives mechanical energy as its shaft; whereas centrifugal pump, the mechanical energy is fed into the shaft and water enters the impeller which increases the pressure energy of the outgoing fluid. The water enters the vane radially and exerts outside the vane axially.

RECIPROCATING PUMP

A reciprocating pump is called a positive displacement pump, as it discharge a definite quantity of liquid during the displacement of its piston or plunger. A reciprocating pump in its simplest form consist of the following parts as shown in the figure:-

  1. A cylinder C, in which piston P works. The movement of the piston is obtained by connecting rod, which connects the piston and rotating crank.
  2. A suction pipe connecting the source of water and the cylinder.
  3. A delivery pipe, into which the water is discharged from the cylinder.
  4. A suction valve a, which admits the flow of suction pipe into the cylinder.
  5. A delivery valve b, which admits the flow from the cylinder into the delivery pipe. 

PERFORMANCE OF PUMP:-

Sometimes, there is a monor change in the requirement of the head of water or the discharge of the pump from its designed head of water or discharge. In such a case a slight adjustment in the pump is made to suit the new set of conditions. This done either:-
    1. Varying speed of the pump or impeller.
    2. By changing the diameter of the pump impeller.

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Location: Duliajan, Assam, India

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