Construction

 Fluid Pressure  Whenever a liquid is contained in a vessel, it exerts force at all points at the sides of the container and also at the bottom. This force per unit area is called pressure. The direction of pressure is always at right angles to the surface.  Pressure Head  We all know that, the liquid exerts pressure on all sides of the container as well as at the bottom also. The height of the liquid up to which the pressure exerts from it's base is known as pressure head.  Pascal's Law  It states, " The intensity of pressure at any point in a fluid at rest, is the same in all directions ".  Atmospheric Pressure  It has been established, since long, that the air possesses some weight. Subsequently, it was also thought that the air, due to its weight, must exert some pressure on the surface of the earth. Since the air is compressible, therefore its density is different at different heights. Thus due to these difficulties, the atmospheric pressure ...

 Bhakra Nangal Project  It Is a multipurpose project for irrigation and hydro-electric power generation. It consists of Bhakra dam which is 518 m long and 226 m high. The dam is constructed across the river Sutlej in Bilaspur district of Himachal Pradesh. The storage reservoir is known as Govind Sagar reservoir. The area of the reservoir is about 150 sq. km. A barrage is constructed at Nangal which is 305 m long and 29 m high. The main canal is of length 174 km and the culturable command area is 15 lakh hectares in Punjab, Haryana and Rajasthan. The project consists of four hydro-electric power generation stations. Two at the toe of the dam and other two at Gangwal and Kotla. The total power generation capacity of the project is about 1200 MW.  Damodar Valley Project  This project is situated in West Bengal. It is a multipurpose project for irrigation, navigation, flood control and hydro-electric power generation. The overall development of the Damodar Valley is achi...

 Kitchen design is a challenge today, because of new materials, for tiles and otta finish and advanced technological components. An innovative, stylish, functional and efficient kitchen is the expectation. Kitchen design is supposed to create an environment which is highly individual. Hence, the designer needs to give attention to detail for optimum use of space. Creative cooking starts with a tasteful kitchen. Hence, a durable, perfectly finished and totally functional kitchen is the designer's aim.  Kitchens are not considered as just work place. Considering the time spent in the kitchen, they are expected to create a pleasant, relaxed environment for everyday cooking duties. Today, living, dining and kitchen space have become a center of our home. A focal point where people gather 😅. A breakfast table becomes a point of attraction and hence TV location also needs throughout location with reference to living, dining and kitchen areas. Placing of appliances and power-points ...

 What is BIM?  BIM is a collaborative tool used by any member of the architectural, engineering and construction (AEC) industry based upon a number of software solutions. BIM incorporates all the building components including their geometry, spatial relationships, properties and quantities, including all the services and equipment information for the full life-cycle management of the building and even its demolition.  One of the main advantages of this way of working is that the different members of the AEC design team can utilize physical or reference models from other team members, without having any specialized industry knowledge. For example, the integration of services and structure schemes could first be co-ordinated by simply checking the objects from the two schemes to ensure clash avoidance.  It is commonly acknowledged that the only solution for managing building information efficiently is with product modelling. This type of modelling was originally develo...

 In urban areas, where their are large sections of populations that live in informal settlements or in poor quality housing, people do not have clean water or sanitation. Municipal authorities are unable to provide water and sanitation services too all and many access these informally/illegally. The lack of the basic services results in malnutrition and poor health, loss of lives and livelihoods, and has devastating consequences on public health and environment.  All buildings are planned taking into consideration their requirements with regard to adequate water supply, drainage and sanitation. Plumbing drawings are prepared showing piping systems that supply water and carry waste water to the sewer. Must of the residential plumbing is standardized by the local authorities. The details and brief of this specification is given in IS 1172:1993.  But before telling something about this code, water supply or sanitation is required in all over commercial areas and buildings. S...

 A newly made flyover construction is going on at Tinsukia district in Sripuria road. The flyover has completed half of its project at one side. And remaining half is remaining to be done. They have made all the bridges columns, starting from A1 to P7. And rest of the RP1 to A2 is remaining to do so.  Now the girders construction work is going on. And also they are planning to hope for the RE Wall to make at the approach side. That construction work will be done very soon. But the project is really interesting to seem so. The whole Tinsukia will look amazing after this project and it will also make good and ease for transportation.  For this project, the bridge has a span length of 60 meters, at the railway overhead crossing. It will be an arch bridge type and will also look amazing too. Others have a span length of 30 meters or even more or less so. But from every column to column all girders have a span length of 30 meters max. Only two columns are there which have 15 m...

In the past, continuous efforts were made to produce different kinds of cement, suitable for different situations by changing oxide composition and fineness of grinding. With the extensive use of cement, for widely varying conditions, the types of cement that could be only by varying the relative proportions of the oxide compositions, were not found to be sufficient.  The use of additives, changing chemical composition, and use of different raw materials have resulted in the availability of many types of cement to cater to the need of the construction industries for specific purposes. These cements are classified as Portland cements and non-Portland cements. The distinction is mainly based on the methods of manufacture. The Portland and Non-Portland cements generally used as per Indian Standards are listed below:  Ordinary Portland Cement. Portland Pozzolana Cement.  Portland Slag Cement.  High Alumina Cement  Rapid Hardening Cement.  Oil-Well Cement. ...

 Concrete is generally classified as Normal Strength Concrete (NSC), High Strength Concrete (HSC) and Ultra High Strength Concrete (UHSC). Indian Standard Recommendations about the Mix Designs is that the boundary of 35 MPa is between NSC and HSC. But in International High strength label was applied to concrete having strength above 40 MPa. More recently, the threshold rose to 50-60 MPa. Concrete of very high strength entered in the field of construction of high-rise buildings and long span bridges.  The advent of Prestressed Concrete Technology has given impetus for making concrete of higher strength. In India, there are cases of using high strength concrete bridges. The first prestressed concrete bridge was built in Assam in 1949 for the Assam Rail Link at Siliguri in India. In fifty's a number of prestressed concrete structures were built using concrete of strength from 35 MPa to 45 MPa.  There are other unconventional special methods for making high strength concrete....

 Physical Characteristics of Cement  Following are the physical characteristics of Cement:   Fineness  Setting time  Initial Setting Time  Final Setting Time  Soundness  Compressive Strength  Fineness  For normal people Cement is just a normal material, which acts as a binding property of mixing its sand and stones. But in Engineering terms Cement has many properties for its work of action. Fineness is one of the important property for its hydration so that it gains its strength and also evaluate the rate of heat. Finer the cement, offers a greater surface area for hydration and also the development strength is faster.  Different types of cement are ground to different fineness. The disadvantages of fine grinding is that it is susceptible to air set and early deterioration. The particle size fraction below 3 microns has been found to have the predominant effect on the strength at one day, while 325 microns fraction has a major ...